Linking Words
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Linking Words For Second Year Bac
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هي ببساطة كلمات نستعملها لربط أفكارنا عندما نكتب. هناك مجموعة من أدوات الربط [linking words] في اللغة الإنجليزية و لكل أداة دور معين حسب سياق الجملة. مثلا:
The internet is a source of information. It is a source of entertainment (besides) The internet is a source of information. Besides, it is a source of entertainment.
الأنترنت مصدر المعلومات. إلى جانب ذلك، هو مصدر للمرح
إذن في هذه الجملة أداة الربط التي إستخدمت لربط الفكرتين هي [Besides] و تعني "إلى جانب ذلك".
هناك العديد من أدوات الربط التي تفيد مثلا الإضافة [addition] السبب [cause] النتجة [effect] و وظائف أخرى:
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Addition : الإضافة
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And | Moreover | Besides | Furthermore | In addition | Also | Too
كلها عبارات تعني [بالإضافة إلى ذلك] في اللغة العربية
كلها عبارات تعني [بالإضافة إلى ذلك] في اللغة العربية
1. My friend is very intelligent boy. He is hard working. (moreover)
Answer: My friend is very intelligent. Moreover, he is hard working.
2. Jack works in a bank. He works in a school. (In addition)
Answer: Jack works in a bank. In addition, he works in a school.
3. The report is badly written. It is not very accurate. (Besides)
Answer: The report is badly written. Besides, it is not accurate.
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Concession
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I. But | However | Yet
هي عبارات تعني [لكن] باللغة العربية
1. The government built many schools in rural areas. Many women are still illiterate. (However)
Answer: The government built many schools in rural areas. However, many women are still illiterate.
2. The internet has many disadvantages. Teenagers still use it a lot. (But)
Answer: The internet has many disadvantages. But, teenagers still use it a lot.
II. Despite | In spite of | Although | Though
كل هذه العبارات تعني [بالرغم من] باللغة العربية
1. Many people refused to buy milk in Morocco. The government did not respond to people. (Although)
Answer: Although many people refused to buy milk in Morocco, the government did not respond to people.
2. John works day and night. He does not save much money for himself. (Despite)
Answer (1): Despite the fact that John works day and night, he does not save much money for himself.
Answer (2): Despite working day and night, John does not save much money for himself.
3. African countries make a great effort to reduce illiteracy. Many people are still illiterate. (in spite of)
Answer (1): In spite of the fact that African countries make a great effort to reduce illiteracy, many people are still illiterate.
Answer (2): In spite of making a great effort to reduce illiteracy, many people are still illiterate in African countries.
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Effect = النتيجة
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As a result | consequently | therefore | so | as a consequence
كل هذه العبارات تعني [كنتيجة لذلك] باللغة العربية
1. Many students did not come to the school. The weather was very bad. (as a result)
Answer: The weather was very bad as a result many students did not come to school.
2. Many people don't have good jobs in African countries. They emigrate to Europe. (therefore)
Answer: Many people don't have good jobs in African countries. Therefore, they emigrate to Europe.
3. The criminal robbed so much money from the local bank. The police arrested him immediately. (consequently)
Answer: The criminal robbed so much money from the local bank. Consequently, the police arrested him immediately.
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Cause = السبب
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Because | Since | As | For
كل هذه العبارات تعني [لأنه] باللغة العربية
1. I am revising my lessons every day. I want to get a very good mark. (because)
Answer: I am revising my lessons every day because I want to get a very good mark.
2.It was raining heavily last night. We did not go to cinema. (because)
Answer: We didn't go to cinema because it was raining heavily.
3. The criminal robbed the bank. The police arrested him. (because)
Answer: The police arrested the criminal because he robbed the bank.
4. People don't have high paying jobs. They emigrate abroad. (because)
Answer: People emigrate abroad because they don't have high paying jobs.
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Purpose = الهدف أو الغاية
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I. So as to | In order to | To + verb in infinitive
كل هذه العبارات تعني [لأجل أن] باللغة العربية.
1. Ahmed went to the cafe. He wants to watch UCL games. (so as to)
Answer: Ahmed went to the cafe so as to watch UCL games.
2. Mr. White works every day. He wants to save some money. (in order to)
Answer:Mr. White works every day in order to save some money.
3. You should concentrate well. Don't make mistakes in your exam. (so as not to)
Answer: You should concentrate well so as not to make mistakes in your exam.
4. Edward should wake up early. He wants to come on time to the meeting. (to)
Answer: Edward should wake up early to come on time to the meeting.
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II. So that + subject + can
هذه العبارة تعني [لكي أستطيع أن]
1. My classmates are collecting donations. They want to help poor people. (so that)
Answer: My classmates are collecting donations so that they can help poor people
2. The organization used TV and Radio ads. They want to reach people everywhere. (so that)
Answer: The organization used TV and Radio ads so that they can reach people everywhere
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Exercise On Linking Words
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